Written by Tatiana Lebreton Reviewed by Oliver Simpson Updated on 19 July 2024 On this page The Best Free EPOS Software: Overview The Best Free EPOS Software 1. Square 2. Clover 3. SumUp 4. Zettle The Best EPOS Software with a Free Trial or Demo 1. Shopify POS 2. Lightspeed Restaurant Is Free EPOS Software Worth it? How Much Does an EPOS System Cost on Average? How We Test EPOS Systems for Businesses Verdict: Which Free EPOS Software Should You Choose? Expand Our site is reader-supported – by clicking our links, we can match you with a potential supplier, and we may earn a small commission for this referral. Most EPOS system providers charge monthly fees for their software, and sometimes their hardware too. These ongoing fees can be expensive, especially for if you’re a new business, or on a tight budget.Luckily, there are free EPOS software solutions out there. Free software tends to have more limited functions than a paid version, but it’s a good stepping-stone for small businesses.Based on our most recent round of testing and research, Square offers the best free EPOS software for UK businesses. Its free plan doesn’t skimp on functionality, and you can integrate your system with a free Square online store. Square is also a scalable option since it has paid EPOS software plans for growing businesses, making it one of the best EPOS systems on the market.But, it’s not the only free system out there. We’ve included three other great free EPOS software systems in our list, and some providers that offer free trials or demos: What is the best free EPOS software? Square – Best for free ecommerce integrationClover – Best starter options for restaurants looking to scale upSumUp – Best for busy cafesZettle – Best for food trucks and on-the-go businessesBest EPOS software with a free trial or demo:Shopify POS – Best for managing in-store and online salesLightspeed Restaurant – Best for driving repeat businessIf you’d like to receive personalised quotes for EPOS systems, click on any of the links above. Just enter a few details, and you’ll be contacted by our network of trusted providers. For more information on how we tested EPOS systems, head over to our detailed explanation. The Best Free EPOS Software: OverviewFor a quick overview of each free EPOS software, check out the table below: Swipe right to see more 0 out of 0 backward forward Square Clover SumUp Zettle Score 4.8 Score 4.8 Score 4.2 Score 3.6 Best for Best for free ecommerce integration Best for Best starter options for businesses looking to scale up Best for Best for busy cafes Best for Best for food trucks and on-the-go businesses Starting price £29/month Starting price Contact for quote Starting price £49/month Starting price No paid version Free Trial/Plan Free plan Free Trial/Plan Free plan Free Trial/Plan Free plan Free Trial/Plan Free plan Pros Cheap hardwareFree ecommerce web builderAdvanced features on free plan Pros Low transaction feesExcellent hardwareEmployee managed included in free plan Pros Free online store builderRequires minimal hardwareSupports mobile ordering Pros Very easy to useCheap hardwareCompact options for on-the-go selling Cons High transaction feesNo floor plan customisationNo cost management tools Cons Very limited features on free planPricing is not readily availableHardware is expensive Cons Minimal features on free planNo promotional toolsDoesn’t sell handheld EPOS devices Cons Not a scalable optionLimited hardware rangeCan’t support more than one location Try Square Compare Quotes Compare quotes Compare quotes The Best Free EPOS SoftwareThe best free EPOS software providers with a completely free plan are Square, Clover, SumUp, and Zettle. While the software may be free, you’ll still have to pay transaction fees, and for any hardware, such as card machines or countertop devices. 1. Square: Best for Free Ecommerce IntegrationCoupled with its free EPOS software, Square also has a free online store builder, making it an affordable solution for multi-channel selling. Square 4.8 Pricing From $0/month Visit Square Square Review Suitable for Small, single location businesses Businesses that want a free online store Businesses seeking a low risk option Not suitable for Businesses that want low processing fees Businesses that want cost management tools Restaurants or cafes with complex floorplans Pricing See more See less Item typePrice Retail POS software £0-£49/month (+ custom plan) Restaurant POS software £0-£69/month (+ custom plan) Transaction fees From 1.75% Cheapest card machine £19 + VAT Cheapest countertop device £99 + VAT iPad stand (iPad not included) Gallery See more See less Click to expand Photo: If you’re familiar with any other Square products you’ll find the Square terminal (£149+VAT) easy to use as it follows almost identical layouts and designs across their menus. Source: Expert Market Photo: Square's clearly signposted dashboard is part of what makes it easy to use. We weren't left wondering where different functions were. Source: Expert Market Photo: We didn't have any trouble setting up a discount with Square. We just chose the item and specified the discount percentage. Source: Expert Market Why we like itSquare is the best free EPOS system on the market, with the added bonus that it integrates seamlessly with Square’s free online store builder. This makes it a great option for small businesses looking to sell both in-person and online.You also don’t technically need to invest in hardware with a Square account, since its EPOS software can be accessed via desktop or a free iOS app. You can also take contactless payments via your smartphone, with Square Tap to Pay, saving you from buying a card machine.Although, if you do want one, Square’s card reader costs just £19 + VAT, making it the cheapest option we’ve found. Likewise, you can get Square’s iPad Stand (2nd gen) for just £99 + VAT. It’s a professional-looking holder that supports contactless and chip payment and has a swiveling design to facilitate customer-facing transactions.What we like most about Square’s free EPOS software is that it doesn’t skimp on functionality. Free EPOS systems are available for retail, restaurants, and appointments based businesses, each with dedicated features for these different business types.Retail stores will get access to premium features for free, like low-stock alerts and multi-location stock management, while restaurants get advanced discount management, allowing businesses to schedule discounts for specific items, days, and times.With our Square account, we were able to see a quick summary of sales history. A chart view is also available, which is handy for spotting trends overtime. Source: Expert Market Square: Testing Summary We tested Square’s Restaurant and Retail EPOS systems. We completed basic tasks like creating a menu or categorising products without a hitch, but we had trouble with slightly more advanced tasks like bill splitting and adding a discount, with one tester noting that they “had to add the amount” each guest was paying for when splitting a bill, instead of assigning items to each guests.Limitations of Square’s free POS softwareWhile you get a lot with a Square free EPOS software plan, as is the case with most free EPOS software, the best features are reserved for paid memberships. For example, cost management tools, on both the retail and restaurant version, are only available on the paid version, but at least you have the option to have them if you upgrade. Zettle, on the other hand, doesn’t have any, and only has a free plan.The free EPOS system for restaurants also doesn’t let you fully customise your floorplan, which isn’t great if you change it frequently or have a complex setup like at-the-counter service as well as table service. But again, Square beats SumUp, which doesn’t even allow for floorplan management on its free plan.Square also has hefty transaction fees, at 1.75% for in-person sales. You can get slightly cheaper fees of 1.69% with SumUp, or with Clover, which offers negotiable transaction fees. 2. Clover: Best Starter Options for Businesses Looking to Scale UpClover’s free EPOS software is quite basic, but it’s an affordable starter solution for businesses looking to eventually upgrade to Clover’s paid EPOS software. Clover 4.8 Pricing From $0/month Compare quotes Clover Review Suitable for Businesses looking for low processing fees Businesses looking to scale up Businesses that want employee management features Not suitable for Businesses that want to avoid spending a lot on hardware Establishments with complex operations Businesses that want transparent pricing Pricing See more See less Pricing Clover requires you to contact them for a quote to receive pricing quotes Custom Gallery See more See less Click to expand Photo: The Clover Flex portable POS device showcased on a wooden desk, highlighting its compact design. Photo: We appreciated that we were able to see reports on Clover in graphs and chart form, since it made interpreting data easy. Source: Expert Market Photo: Clover's Station Solo hardware allows you to get to business out of the box with an all-in-one, easy setup POS system - Source: Expert Market Why we like itAlthough you might not see it advertised on the Clover website, Clover actually does have a free EPOS software plan that’s suitable for small retail businesses. Clover’s free EPOS platform is called “Payments”, and it allows businesses to take payments and access a basic version of Clover’s EPOS app. With Clover’s free EPOS software, you’ll be able to take payments, and manage employees.However, unlike with Square, you need to invest in Clover’s EPOS hardware to access the software. You’ll need to purchase either the Clover Flex, Clover’s card machine/handheld EPOS device, or the Clover Mini, Clover’s small customer-facing screen.We tested both, and highly recommend the Clover Flex card machine. It’s lightweight, has a bright touchscreen, and gives you access to basic sales reports.Given that Clover has some of the best EPOS hardware on the market, you should think of this as a long-term investment for your business. The same goes for Clover’s free EPOS software. We don’t recommend it for extended use. It’s more of a stepping-stone system for businesses that want to upgrade to Clover’s excellent paid software. That’s because unlike the other systems on this list, its not a full-fledged EPOS system, but more of a basic payment processing service, with a few EPOS tools thrown in.But, while you’re on the free plan, you’ll benefit from low transaction fees. Clover offers negotiable and competitive rates, which means you’re likely to pay less per transaction than you would with Square or Zettle, who have fixed transaction fees.We like the Clover Flex a lot. It wasn't too heavy to hold, and we could access the full software dashboard directly from it - Source: Expert Market Clover: Testing summary In general, we found Clover easy to use, but there were a few hiccups, such as when it came to categorising retail items, mainly because, according to one tester, “the bulk edit function doesn’t seem to allow you to edit [several items at once and add them to the same category].”Limitations of Clover’s free POS softwareClover’s free EPOS software is quite limited, and doesn’t come with basic reporting on orders, or inventory management features, unlike the other free EPOS systems on this list. It’s first and foremost a payment taking platform with some sales and employee tracking thrown in.For this reason, we don’t recommend it to businesses with a complex inventory or operational structure.Clover’s hardware, although top-tier, is also on the expensive side. Clover doesn’t advertise its pricing for the UK region (another thing it has going against it), but it does do so in the US. Based on those prices, you’re looking at paying over £300 for basic equipment. Compare EPOS Software Prices from Leading Suppliers Get free quotes 3. SumUp: Best for Busy CafesSumUp app-based free EPOS software is easy to use, and can be downloaded to a phone or tablet. This discreet, portable solution is great for small cafes. SumUp 4.2 Pricing From £0/month Suitable for Cafes and small restaurants Events based businesses who need mobile ordering Users who want to integrate an online store Not suitable for Large restaurant chains Restaurants who need reliable reservation tools Businesses who need a handheld POS system Pricing See more See less Item typePrice POS app £0/month POS Lite (software plan) £0/month POS Pro (software plan) £49/month Transaction fees From 1.69% Cheapest card machine £39 + VAT Countertop device £299 + VAT Gallery See more See less Click to expand Photo: Viewing sales history was easy to do in SumUp, and we were given a breakdown of what amounts were charged to what table, and by which employee. Source: Expert Market Photo: We were able to signal what allergens were contained in specific menu items with SumUp. This feature impressed us, and can increase customer trust and safety. Source: Expert Market Photo: We were able to create menu item variants in SumUp, which is a useful tool if you allows customers to make modifications to their orders. Source: Expert Market Why we like itSumUp’s free EPOS software is a great option for small hospitality businesses, such as cafes or modest restaurants.There are two ways to get free EPOS software with SumUp: downloading the free app onto an existing tablet, or opting for the POS Lite plan. The main difference between the two is that the POS Lite plan requires you to purchase SumUp’s £299 + VAT countertop device, but has no monthly fees. Besides this, the free software is the same.You also have the option of purchasing SumUp’s £39 + VAT card reader, or taking payments on your smartphone with SumUp Tap to Pay. This is a very similar offering to Square, although Square’s reader is cheaper.Like Square, a SumUp also has a free online store builder, making it a great option for businesses that sell through multiple channels. However, based on our testing, Square’s online store builder is better.SumUp’s EPOS system is more geared towards the hospitality than the retail industry, although it can technically be used for either. Unlike Square, however, it doesn’t have separate systems for each industry, which means the features you get are a little less tailored.SumUp’s features are also a little less advanced than Square’s (there’s no multi-location management on the free plan for example), but you’ll still be able to access basic sales reports, inventory management, and benefit from core features such as accepting tips and issuing refunds.Processing orders with SumUp was a breeze, thanks to the platform's great signposting. Source: Expert Market SumUp: Testing summary We found SumUp “easy to use,” but we did find that changes made in the backend took a long time to appear in the front end, which was frustrating. And, as one tester put it, the system “lacked some quite basic tools” like table management.Limitations of SumUp’s free POS softwareAs we’ve touched on, SumUp’s free EPOS software is quite light on the features, and won’t be suitable for larger establishments.It’s missing, for example, reservation tools, an essential features for sit-down restaurants, and has zero promotional tools, which are only available on the paid version. Square’s free EPOS software, on the other hand, has a function for scheduling discounts, but for full-blown promotional tools, you’ll also have to pay.Lastly, if you’re planning on buying hardware from SumUp, be aware that its range is a little limited. It doesn’t for example, have a handheld EPOS device, a handy tool for table service restaurants. Handheld EPOS device are, however, available with Square, Clover, and Zettle. 4. Zettle: Best for Food Trucks and On-the-go BusinessesZettle only offers free EPOS software, and has no paid versions, unlike the other providers on this list. It’s super easy to use, and is a great option for on-the-go businesses. Zettle 3.6 Pricing From £0/month Suitable for Small cafes, food trucks or pop up stores Novice EPOS users who need an intuitive interface New businesses who want a low risk platform Not suitable for Restaurants or larger establishments Businesses that need extensive hardware Multi-location retail stores Pricing See more See less Item typePrice EPOS Software app £0/month Transaction fees From 1.75% Cheapest car machine £29 + VAT Cheapest countertop kit (iPad stand and reader) £189 (+ £307 with iPad) Gallery See more See less Click to expand Photo: Zettle is missing a few reporting tools, like discount reports and staff reports, but the reports it does do are presented in an easy to read format. Source: Expert Market Photo: Here's a look at how Zettle presents inventory. It's not the most fancy system, but it gets the job done. Source: Expert Market Photo: It was very easy to pair our Zettle card reader with the POS system. All we had to do was turn the reader on, and wait for the system to detect it. Source: Expert Market Why we like itZettle is a great choice if you’re a business that’s just starting out and you want a quick and simple free EPOS system. It’s the easiest system to use out of all the ones we tested, making it a great option for those who’ve never used an EPOS system before.Unlike the other providers on our list, Zettle only has a free EPOS app, and doesn’t sell paid versions of its EPOS software. Since it’s app-based, you can get started for nothing if you already own a tablet, and you can take contactless payments on your phone, as is the case with Square and SumUp.If you do choose to buy hardware from Zettle, it has some of the cheapest options out there. For £496 + VAT, you can get an iPad stand (iPad included), and a card reader with charging dock. This is less than you’d pay if you purchased each of these items separately, making Zettle’s hardware great value, especially for new businesses starting from scratch.Since Zettle is app-based, it has a range of compact hardware, it’s a great option for businesses on the go, such as food trucks, or pop up shops.Zettle EPOS software also packs helpful reporting features that allow you to track sales performance and manage inventory, by tracking stock levels and receiving low stock alerts. However, the since the provider doesn’t have a more advanced version of its software, unlike the other providers on this list, it’s not scalable, and could feel limiting once your business starts to expand.On the front end, Zettle's system opens up directly onto the order selection page, making for quick processing. Source: Expert Market Zettle: Testing summary As we’ve noted, Zettle was very easy to use. One tester commented that they “liked how [the whole system] is based around the till screen”, since it made adding discounts and processing orders very simple. However, we had more trouble using the backend, and found it difficult to set up discounts due to system crashes.Limitations of Zettle’s free POS softwareAs we’ve touched on, like most free EPOS software, Zettle doesn’t have advanced features capable of handling the operations of large restaurants or multi-location stores, such as ingredient tracking and mutli-location management.And, since you can’t upgrade to a more advanced paid version of the software, Zettle is a provider that’s mostly suitable for small businesses that stay small.On that same theme, Zettle doesn’t sell an extensive range of hardware. It doesn’t have any KDSs, a must for busy restaurants, or fully fledged countertop devices. There’s just the iPad stand, with optional iPad included. If you want a provider with a more extensive range of hardware, we’d recommend Square or Clover. Both are also very scalable options. The Best EPOS Software with a Free Trial or DemoThe best EPOS software providers with a free trial or demo are Shopify and Lightspeed Restaurant. Shopify offers a free trial of three days, and your first month for just £1, while Lightspeed Restaurant offers a free demo.While you will eventually have to pay to use these EPOS software systems, free trials and demos are a great way to test out EPOS software without making a financial commitment. 1. Shopify POS: Best for Managing In-store and Online SalesShopify is a one-stop-shop for omnichannel selling, and has a three-day free trial for both its EPOS software and online store builder. Shopify 4.5 Pricing From £69/month Visit Shopify Shopify POS Review Suitable for Users who want to integrate an online store Owners with extensive and varied inventories Users who want to utilise a range of apps Not suitable for Businesses that only sell in-person Owners who want to pay low processing fees Those who need a training mode for staff Pricing See more See less Item typePrice Retail POS software £69/month/location (+ online store subscription: £25-£344/month) Transaction fees From 1.7% in-person Cheapest card reader £49 Countertop device (iPad stand) £279 Gallery See more See less Click to expand Photo: The way Shopify presents its reports and analytics isn't revolutionary, but this familiar format makes it easy to know what's what, and get a bird's eye view of how your business is doing. Source: Expert Market Photo: We liked the use of colour in Shopify's checkout screen, and the signposting. It made it easy to find the functions we needed during testing. Source: Expert Market Photo: Before setting up Shopify's free POS software, I was asked where I wanted to sell in-person. Source: Expert Market Why we like itShopify is an ecommerce giant, which has branched out into retail EPOS systems, making it perfect for selling both online and in-store.While Shopify doesn’t have a free version of its EPOS software, or its online store (unlike Square or SumUp), it does offer a three day free trial, and you only pay £1 for your first month with both the EPOS software and the online store.After that, you’ll pay £69 per month for its EPOS software, and the cheapest online store subscription costs £25 per month, bringing your minimum total up to £84 per month.Although Shopify isn’t a cheap option, its £1 offer for your first month gives you plenty of time to decide whether it’s the right platform to invest in. If you do go ahead with it, you’ll be able to sell across multiple channels, including social media and online marketplaces, and you’ll get access to a comprehensive set of features, such as advanced inventory management tools and reporting features.Shopify POS drawbacksAs we’ve seen, Shopify isn’t cheap when it comes to monthly fees, and its transaction fees aren’t much better, starting at 1.7% for in-person payments on its cheapest ecommerce plan, Basic. Transaction fees do go down if you upgrade to a more expensive plan.And, since a Shopify EPOS system requires you to have a Shopify ecommerce store, that means its not a viable option for retailers that only do in-person sales. 2. Lightspeed Restaurant: Best for Driving Repeat BusinessLightspeed Restaurant is a well-known EPOS platform, which comes with some great marketing and loyalty add-ons. Lightspeed Restaurant 4.4 Pricing From £59/month Try Lightspeed Lightspeed Review Suitable for Businesses who want to create a loyal community Establishments with complex inventories or multiple locations Users who want to pay no upfront costs Not suitable for Businesses who want a cheap starting plan Owners who want a range of hardware, such as a physical terminal Businesses who change their floor plan frequently, or require automated tip management Pricing See more See less PlanCost Starter £59/month Essential £109/month Premium £339/month Gallery See more See less Click to expand Photo: We were big fans of Lightspeed's floor and table plan, which allowed for complete customisation. Source: Expert Market Photo: Using Lightspeed for checking out of a Hotel restaurant is fairly simple - Source: Lightspeed Photo: Lightspeed gave us the option of creating customer profiles, which contain purchase history and make tailored marketing much easier. Source: Expert Market Why we like itLightspeed Restaurant is a great EPOS system for restaurateurs looking to streamline their marketing and attract customers. Unlike Shopify, it doesn’t offer a free trial, but it does offer free demos of its EPOS platform to interested businesses.Like a free trial, this can help you decide whether or not you want to use the EPOS system, without having to spend money on it first. And, since Lightspeed locks you into a year-long commitment, you’ll probably want to take advantage of this demo before you sign a contract.Lightspeed Restaurant’s cheapest EPOS software plan costs £59 per month. Lightspeed’s pricing is on the expensive side, but it also offers one of the best restaurant EPOS systems out there.Even on the cheapest plan, you’ll be able to integrate with a host of apps designed for restaurants, from loyalty program builders to reservation platforms like OpenTable. You’ll also get access to inventory management tools that offer cost vs profit breakdown for recipes, and track stock as you use it.Lightspeed Restaurant drawbacksLightspeed is an app-based system, so if you’re looking for a physical terminal over just a tablet on a stand, we’d recommend going for Square’s restaurant EPOS system. There’s also no automated tip-sharing tool with Lightspeed, whereas Square has an add-on tool for this.Lastly, table plans can’t be fully customised with Lightspeed Restaurant. For full customisation from both the front and back end of the software, we’d recommend TouchBistro. Is Free EPOS Software Worth it?Free EPOS software is a great way to start selling quickly. With no contract (and therefore no termination fees), and no monthly fees, it’s a solution that suits new and small businesses.However, free EPOS software has its limitations. The free version or iteration of a provider’s EPOS software rarely gives you access to the whole range of its features. You’ll usually get access to inventory management and basic reports, but advanced features like bill-splitting or multi-location management are typically reserved for paid software, or are available as paid add-ons.Transaction fees also tend to be higher with free EPOS software than with the paid version, since providers rely on these to generate a profit. For example, with free Zettle POS software, fees are 1.75% per in-person transaction, but with paid Clover POS software, fees are generally below 0.9%. As your business grows and deals with more sales, high transaction fees can snowball into a big expense.That’s why it’s important to choose a free EPOS software that’s easily scalable. Most providers that offer free software also have paid versions of it, except Zettle. If you envision your sales increasing and your operations becoming more complex in the future, choosing a provider with tiered EPOS software plans will save you the hassle of having to change providers when you outgrow the free version. How Much Does an EPOS System Cost on Average?When it comes to software alone, EPOS systems cost around £30 to £50 per month for medium-sized businesses, and £100 to £400 per month for large establishments or multi-location chains.Hardware is typically a one-time charge and costs £150 to £2,000+ depending on the extent of your setup, and the number of locations you’re buying equipment for. For example, Square’s card reader only costs $59, but a full register kit with cash drawer and receipt printer costs $1,269.Some EPOS providers will rent hardware to you, and bundle the cost with your monthly software subscription fee. This can be handy if you’re running an operation with several locations, but if you only have one or two, buying hardware upfront will work out cheaper.Paid providers usually offer price tiers that offer you different levels of features, and are designed for businesses of varying sizes. Lightspeed Restaurant has a pretty typical pricing structure. It has three paid plans, the £59 Starter plan, the £109 Essential plan, and the £339 Premium plan. By their names, it’s quite easy to guess what type of business each plan is designed for. How We Test EPOS SoftwareThe Expert Market team tested and assessed 20 different EPOS systems to bring you this list. We spend around 160 hours researching EPOS platforms, and over 20 hours testing them. During that time, we used our learnings to evaluate how each EPOS system fared in six categories that are important to businesses, broken down into between four and 12 subcategories, in order to get an impartial ranking.Here’s what we looked at:EPOS software: the breadth of features included in the EPOS software, and how valuable they are to the average business, including inventory management, menu/product creation, customer engagement tools and table management.Hardware/equipment: the variety of equipment available to purchase or rent, with special importance given to key items, such as physical terminals, customer displays, and accessories.Ease-of-use: how easy each system is to use, based on feedback from several average users who were assigned basic tasks to complete on each system, such as menu/item creation, accessing reports, or applying a discount.Help and support: how effective and reachable the customer support teams are, with bonus points given to EPOS systems with help centres and training modes.Costs: the price of the system, how it compares to competitors, and whether it’s good value for money.User experience: whether everyday users know and like the system, whether they’d recommend it, and what they say about it in online reviews.We gave each EPOS system a score in each of the above testing and research categories, and combined them to produce an overall score, which was used to rank them.This axis graph shows the number of features vs the cost of POS systems we tested. It's visual representation of the results of our research process. Source: Expert Market Verdict: Which Free EPOS Software Should You Choose? Square’s free EPOS software offers the most advanced features, and is an easily scalable option for small businesses. We were impressed by the fact that it includes web building and ecommerce integration with its free plan.If you plan on rapid growth, we’d recommend Clover’s free EPOS software, since its paid versions are very advanced, and can handle busy work environments.If you’re still not sure if a free EPOS system is the right option for your business, and want to see how much a paid system will cost you, you can use our quote tool. Just tell us what you need from an EPOS system, and you’ll be contacted by EPOS system providers, who’ll offer you tailored quotes to compare. Written by: Tatiana Lebreton Senior Grow Online & Business Software Expert Tatiana is Expert Market's resident payments and online growth expert, specialising in (E)POS and merchant accounts, as well as website builders. Reviewed by: Oliver Simpson Senior Research Executive After three years in operational B2B data analysis, Oliver became a business insight specialist in 2022 and now focuses full-time on understanding small business preferences and needs. He blends his quantitative skills, forged by his experience working as a law enforcement researcher, with qualitative exploration, to ensure robust and nuanced results.