Written by Tatiana Lebreton Reviewed by Oliver Simpson Updated on 1 August 2025 On this page Best POS Systems for 2025: Comparison Table 1. Square 2. Toast 3. Clover 4. Shopify 5. SpotOn Buying Guide: How to Choose a POS System How We Test POS Systems Next Steps FAQs Expand Our site is reader-supported – by clicking our links, we can match you with a potential supplier, and we may earn a small commission for this referral. After testing over 10 POS systems, we can confidently say that Square is the best POS system for businesses in Canada. It’s extremely scalable, with a comprehensive free plan for small and new businesses, and paid plans from just $35 per month that offer more advanced functions for growing businesses.Modern POS systems aren’t just for taking payments; they’re a digital hub where you can track inventory, orders and staff shifts, as well as access reports. Restaurant and retail POS systems will often come with built-in marketing and loyalty tools, for instance, while restaurant POS systems will usually contain table management and scheduled discounts.Whether you’re getting a POS system for the first time or looking to switch from your current provider, we’re confident your perfect system is somewhere on this page. What are the top 6 POS systems? Square – Best for scaling and growing your businessToast – Best for established restaurants with complex operationsClover – Best for professional hardwareShopify – Best for managing in-store and online salesSpotOn – Best for simplifying staff scheduling and communicationThese are the providers we recommend based on our research. Click on any of the links above to be taken to the provider websites for Square and Toast, or to our quote-finding tool to get quotes from our trusted POS system providers. Best POS Systems in Canada: Key Takeaways Square is the best POS system for Canadian businesses, thanks to its functional free plans, and affordable paid plans and hardware, which make scaling up easy.The next runner up is Toast, best for established restaurants, thanks to its advanced profit and ingredient management tools, while Clover is great for busy businesses that need top-of-the-range hardware.The average cost of a POS system is $100 per month, but providers such as Square and SpotOn also offer free software plans.When choosing a POS system, make sure that the features align with your industry’s needs (some providers only cater to retail or hospitality), that there aren’t any hidden fees that take it out of budget and that it’s easy enough for you and your staff to learn how to use quickly. Best POS Systems for 2025: Comparison TableHere’s a quick overview of the best POS systems in Canada: Swipe right to see more 0 out of 0 backward forward FEATURED PROVIDER TouchBistro Square Toast Clover Shopify SpotOn 3.5 4.8 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.4 Price From $93/month Price $0-$85/month Price $120-$220/month Price Custom Price $119/month/location + Shopify online store ($37-$389/month) Price From $0/month Best Restaurant POS system Best Best for scaling and growing your business Best Established restaurants with complex operations Best Best for professional hardware Best Best for managing in-store and online sales Best Simplifying staff scheduling Key Features Loyalty schemesTable monitoringProcess every payment type Key Features Free software planWide range of hardwareCheap marketing and loyalty add-onsFree online store builder Key Features Caters to quick and full serviceContactless orderingMarketingPayroll and team managementAvailable internationally (US, UK and CA) Key Features Top-range hardwareFingerprint loginIntuitive back officeOffline modeLow transaction fees Key Features Affordable hardwareWebsite building and hostingGreat ecommerce integrationSocial media sales tools Key Features Free plan, including hardwareNative scheduling and payroll appAutomated tip management See Pricing See Pricing See Toast Quotes Compare Quotes See Pricing Compare Quotes 1. Square: Best for Scaling and Growing Your BusinessSquare is the best POS system for businesses looking to scale and grow, thanks to its affordable price point, advanced features and range of POS solutions, designed to suit businesses of different sizes and industries, from hospitality to services. Square 4.8 Pricing From $0/month See Pricing Square Review Suitable for Businesses that want to integrate an online store Businesses that want an affordable platform they can grow with New businesses looking for a low-risk option Not suitable for Hospitality businesses that need granular cost versus profit tools Restaurants who need to track ingredient usage Businesses that want a training mode for new staff Pricing See more See less Item typePrice POS software $0-$85/month Card processing fees From 2.5% Card machines $69-$449 iPad stand (iPad not included) $249 Countertop kits and terminals $899-$1,989 KDS $20/month/device What makes Square one of the best POS systems?Small businesses, or those just starting, can benefit from Square’s free POS software plan, which comes with multi-site stock and employee management, and menu and table management for hospitality businesses. These features aren’t always included in free POS software and are missing from SpotOn’s free POS option.A functional free POS plan like Square’s can give your business a leg up when it’s just starting out, by minimizing monthly overheads. That’s why we ranked it as the best POS system for small businesses overall.As your business grows, you can upgrade your Square plan (for a monthly fee of $35 to $85) to get access to more advanced features, tailored to the type of business you run. For example, Square’s paid plan for retail businesses, which starts at $79 per month, per location, gives you access to more advanced reporting tools, like tracking discount use.Listing an item in Square is pretty straightforward. You enter a type, name and description, and select at what location it's sold. Source: Expert MarketSquare’s paid plans have a wide range of additional features, tailored to each business type, and offer good value for money on that front. Processing fees are still slightly high, however, at 2.5%. Rival Clover offers fees as low as 0.1% + $0.10.Square’s wide range of POS hardware also makes it easy to scale. Businesses can start out with simple card readers or tablets, such as Square’s 2nd Generation Stand, for simple, integrated contactless and chip payment options via its iPad POS app, and move on to tills complete with cash drawers and receipt printers when needed, without having to switch to a new provider.Square also offers a wide range of marketing and loyalty software, as well as a free online store builder for small businesses and paid ecommerce plans that can grow with you. This makes it a great all-in-one solution for businesses of any size.Our experience testing SquareWe found Square generally very easy to use. The backend was quite intuitive and we had no trouble creating menus or listing items. We also appreciated the search function, which helped us find tools quickly.We did run into a few annoying glitches, however, such as the table plan not appearing in the backend, and we found the process of cancelling orders and adding staff accounts overly complicated.When it comes to hardware, we tested the Square Terminal, its portable POS device and card machine. While it was easy to access inventory and process payments from the device, we did have issues with the physical design. The card machine was quite wide, so it wasn’t easy to hold in one hand, making it better suited to countertops than table service.We tested the Square Terminal, Square's handheld POS device. Although it was easy to use, it was a little wide, making it difficult to hold in one hand. Source: Expert MarketHow could Square improve?Although Square offers a wide range of features across its three types of POS systems, it’s missing a few useful tools for large businesses. For example, Square doesn’t offer cost versus profit analysis on any of its plans and its restaurant POS system is missing ingredient usage tracking.These are useful tools for large restaurants or chains looking to minimize waste, and are offered by competitor Toast, which is better suited to large establishments.Square also doesn’t have a training mode for staff, which can slow down onboarding new recruits. That said, Square’s software is quite easy to use, so this isn’t a huge issue, but if a training mode is a must for your business, competitors Clover and Toast offer one. What's new for Square? For summer 2025, Square released the $449 Square Handheld, a sleek handheld POS device and card machine. The Square Handheld combines the slim and portable profile of the Square Reader with the touchscreen and access to Square’s POS software offered by the Square Terminal. But, at $449, it’s now Square’s most expensive card machine. 2. Toast: Best for Established Restaurants with Complex OperationsToast offers a wide array of inventory and profit management tools, as well as some useful customer engagement features, making it a great option for established restaurants with multiple locations and complex operations. Toast 4.7 Pricing From $120/month See Toast Quotes Suitable for Medium to large restaurant establishments Restaurants with complex and large inventories Businesses looking to build a customer community Not suitable for Businesses that have iPads and require an iOS solution Small cafes or restaurants with simple inventories Owners who want a knowledge centre for support Pricing See more See less Item typePrice Starter plan $120/month Essentials plan $220/month Custom plan Custom pricing Card processing fees On request What makes Toast one of the best POS systems?Toast offers one of the best restaurant POS systems on the market, capable of handling large, busy establishments.For example, it’s possible to create different menus for different times of day (a feature missing from rival Clover) and create variations of menu items. This is perfect for restaurants with a separate lunch and dinner service, or for those that encourage item customization.Operation management features include food and recipe cost management, low-stock alerts, and cost versus profit analysis, allowing growing chains to keep on top of finance and limit waste.You can also take your restaurant online with online and mobile ordering, Toast’s delivery services and takeout app, and a host of integrations with third-party delivery apps. Most competitors offer similar integrations, but Toast is one of the few providers that lets businesses create their own app.When you arrive on the home screen in Toast's backend, you'll see an overview of the day's sales and order history. Source: Expert MarketToast also has a wide set of built-in customer engagement and loyalty tools, including loyalty programs, that let businesses set spending and create a points system, and gift card creation, which includes both physical and digital cards. These help create and maintain a brand image, vital for large operations.Finally, we were impressed by Toast’s native reservation management tools, which allow businesses not only to accept reservations but to automatically assign seating based on guest count and allow the host to keep track of service progression. Unlike competitors, Toast’s tools are built into the POS system and not integrations.Our experience testing ToastWe found Toast generally easy to use. The backend was particularly intuitive and easy to navigate, and the setup tutorial offered a clear step-by-step guide that helped us find our way around the platform.The only task we struggled with a little was setting up a discount on an order, which is something we had trouble with on a lot of other POS platforms we tested. In this case, we found Toast’s wording a little confusing, since you have to click on an “update” button to find the discount button. Lightspeed and Square both clearly label this option on the checkout screen.The Toast Countertop Kit also comes with a card reader and data security router (not pictured here). Source: Expert MarketHow could Toast improve?Although Toast offers both countertop terminals and a POS app that works on tablets, its app is only compatible with Android tablets. If you already use an iPad-based POS software and want to spare yourself the expense of replacing your hardware, we recommend Square or Lightspeed.Toast is also on the expensive side, with plans starting at $120 per month for a basic package, not including marketing or kitchen display system (KDS) add-ons. Small cafes or new hospitality businesses might prefer a more affordable solution, such as the free plans offered by Square and SpotOn. 3. Clover: Best for Professional HardwareClover is the best POS system for businesses seeking professional hardware that can handle the fast-paced environment of an expanding business. It offers three different countertop terminals, two of which include a customer display, a handheld POS device that doubles as a card machine and a range of accessories. Clover 4.6 Pricing Custom Compare Quotes Clover Review Suitable for Medium to large restaurants/retailers Businesses who want to deep dive into their analytics Owners who want top range hardware Not suitable for Small pop ups or establishments with small inventories Owners who want to avoid hefty upfront costs Users who want automated tip sharing tools Pricing See more See less Price Custom What makes Clover one of the best POS systems?Clover’s hardware is the best we’ve tested. It was sleek and responsive, and its handheld POS device and card machine, the Clover Flex, felt lightweight, despite its size.Among Clover’s other hardware offerings is the Clover Station Pro, which is a countertop kit that comes with an employee and customer-facing screen and a card machine.We found the customer display screen particularly intuitive, which restaurants will find useful when taking orders. It’s got a sleek design and responsive touchscreen, so your staff won’t have trouble with it, and you can customize the display and use it to show off promotional items.Clover Station Pro also comes with fingerprint recognition, the only terminal we tested to offer this, which means your staff can log in to the POS system with just a touch. This saves a lot of time on busy days when employees are alternating between taking payments and serving customers on the shop or restaurant floor.Clover's Station Solo hardware allows you to get to business with an all-in-one, easy-to-setup POS system. Source: Expert MarketClover isn’t just good for hardware – it’s got some great features capable of handling medium-to-large establishments.System features include low stock alerts and cost versus profit tracking, as well as advanced analytics that let you break down sales by category, item or even employees, across multiple locations. This is great for busy businesses juggling large amounts of data.Clover also has an extensive app store which features many native Clover tools, allowing businesses to build the perfect POS system. Native Clover tools include employee time clocks, customer loyalty programs and cash tracking.Our experience testing CloverClover has remained consistently easy to use in our testing, despite offering advanced features. We particularly like Clover’s frontend, which is highly intuitive and makes great use of colour to highlight features. The drag-and-drop design of Clover’s table planner is also a nice touch for hospitality businesses.That said, it wasn’t quite smooth sailing when it came to certain backend features. For example, we had trouble finding where to set up discounts and loyalty programs, and real-time syncing issues disrupted the overall smoothness of the experience.When it comes to hardware, we were particularly impressed by how light the Clover Flex, Clover’s handheld POS device/card machine, was. Despite its size, it fits easily in our hand and doesn’t feel cumbersome, making it great for table service.We appreciated being able to see reports on Clover in graph and chart form, which made interpreting data easy. Source: Expert MarketHow could Clover improve?Although Clover doesn’t advertise its pricing in Canada, based on its US pricing, we know Clover is an expensive option, both in terms of software and hardware. To compensate for this, it offers low transaction fees, which can drop down to 0.1% + $0.10 for certain businesses.That said, if you’re a small business looking for an affordable POS system, providers like Square or SpotOn are a better choice, since they both offer free plans and cheap hardware.Additionally, Clover, although it has advanced features, is missing automated tip sharing, a useful feature for hospitality businesses. The best option for easy tip sharing is Square. 4. Shopify: Best for Managing In-store and Online SalesIf you’re a retailer looking to manage in-person and online sales, Shopify is the best POS system. Starting out as an ecommerce platform, Shopify then branched out into POS software, and its unified dashboard for both ecommerce and POS makes consolidating sales and data easy. Shopify 4.5 Pricing $119/month/location See Pricing Shopify Review Suitable for Businesses who want to integrate in-store and online sales Businesses with extensive and varied inventories Those interested in integrating a lot of apps into their EPOS system Not suitable for Businesses not interested in paying for an online store Those who want cheap processing fees Businesses that need a training mode for staff Pricing See more See less Item typePrice POS software $119/month/location + Shopify online store subscription ($37-$389/month) Card processing fees 2.4% to 2.8% + $0.30 Card machines $69-$459 Countertop terminal kit $229-$599 What makes Shopify one of the best POS systems?Shopify’s unified dashboard that integrates both ecommerce and POS functions is one of its key strengths. When listing products, businesses are able to assign them to be sold online, in-store or both, and stock levels update to reflect both in-person and online sales. This makes it easy to manage inventory across both channels to prevent any discrepancies in sales reports.Useful Shopify features include the ability to accept in-store returns for online purchases and customer profiles that sync in-person and online purchase history, making it easier to reward customer loyalty. That being said, unlike Square or Clover, Shopify doesn’t have a built-in loyalty program builder; you need to integrate the system with a third-party app to build one.When you list a product on Shopify, you can decide whether to make it available online, in-store or both. Source: Expert MarketHowever, when it comes to third-party apps, you’re spoiled for choice with Shopify. It integrates with over 8,000 apps, far more than the 1,300 runner-up Square integrates with. These include loyalty tools, CRM software and social media integrations.Shopify also comes with a great help and support network for new users. In the Shopify Help Center, we found answers to an enormous range of questions, as well as tutorials for using the platform and a forum where you can troubleshoot with other businesses that use Shopify. Did You Know? You can sell on Shopify for less with its $7 per month Starter plan. Small startups or casual sellers looking to sell online and in person get access to a basic version of the Shopify POS app, accessible on smartphones and tablets. The Starter plan also lets you accept in-person payments via smartphone with tap-to-pay, no card machine required.Our experience testing ShopifyWhile we found Shopify’s frontend easy to navigate, we had a little more trouble navigating the backend.What made the frontend easy to use was the intuitive layout of the checkout page, product library and discount buttons. Plus, the addition of an AI assistant allowed for quick troubleshooting and feature lookup. We also generally liked the sleek and modern appearance of the frontend, which made subtle use of colour to make features stand out.However, we had more trouble using the backend, mainly due to the sheer volume of features and menus (Shopify’s backend is for managing sales across multiple channels, after all). The abundance of menus and submenus made finding features such as staff accounts and discount settings difficult, leading us to rely on the AI assistant a lot.How could Shopify improve?Shopify only offers iPad-based software and doesn’t sell physical countertop terminals, only a tablet stand. This set-up won’t work for all businesses, so if you prefer a more heavy-duty terminal, we recommend Clover.Like Square, Shopify is also missing a training mode for employees. Given that most staff will only be handling Shopify’s easy-to-use frontend, this might not be an issue, but if it is, all other providers on this page, besides Square, offer a training mode.Lastly, Shopify’s card processing fees are on the high side, at an average of 2.6% for in-person purchases. You can get lower fees if you pay for an expensive ecommerce plan, but this will increase your monthly costs. 5. SpotOn: Best for Simplifying Staff Scheduling and CommunicationSpotOn is the best POS system for businesses looking to simplify their staff scheduling, thanks to its proprietary shift and payroll management software. SpotOn 4.4 Pricing From $0 USD/month Compare Quotes Suitable for Businesses seeking a low-risk option Restaurant owners who need seamless staff management Small to mid-sized restaurants with 1-3 locations Not suitable for Restaurants that change their floor plan frequently Businesses that want to purchase additional accessories Restaurants owners who want a tablet-based system Pricing See more See less Solution typePrice Quickstart plan (hardware + software) $0/month (excluding processing fees) Counter-service plan (software only) $99 USD/month + $3 USD/employee/month Full-service plan (software only) $135 USD/month + $3 USD/employee/month Customize Your Own plan Custom Card processing fees Contact for exact fees SpotOn’s pricing is only in US dollars (USD).What makes SpotOn one of the best POS systems?SpotOn’s crowning jewel is its proprietary “Teamwork” app, which handles shift management and payroll, and can even create cost projections based on employee salaries.Plus, it includes automatic tip sharing, a feature that a lot of top POS providers like Clover are missing. This type of feature can improve motivation in back-of-house or front-desk employees by giving a salary boost.Other features included in SpotOn’s hospitality POS system include full table plan customization, which is unusual for a provider that markets itself as affordable. You can even change table colours, a feature not permitted with Clover.SpotOn's POS system comes in a dark mode, which might not be to everyone's taste. However, if you're a bar or evening service restaurant, it may suit you. Source: Expert MarketSpotOn also offers a free plan, which includes both free POS software and hardware (on Square’s free plan, you still have to pay for hardware), in exchange for slightly higher transaction fees (2.89% + $0.25 in the US, for Canadian fees, contact SpotOn). This is a good option for new businesses with limited startup funds, although the free plan doesn’t include access to SpotOn’s Teamwork app.Other features you get access to with a paid SpotOn plan are customizable customer-facing screens and optional marketing tools, such as email marketing, discount codes and gift card creation, and a loyalty plan builder. It’s on a par with Square when it comes to customer engagement tools.SpotOn also has automatic offline functionality, which means none of your data will be lost if you lose connection.Our experience testing SpotOnDuring testing, we found SpotOn to be one of the most intuitive POS systems to navigate. We didn’t have much trouble setting up discounts or creating menu items with variations.However, the backend was easier to use than the frontend, mainly because the frontend required a few extra clicks to add items to an order, compared with how quickly we could do this using other POS systems like Lightspeed.We also didn’t like the floor plan functionality, since it’s not drag and drop. To change the size of the tables, you have to click a bar chart button rather than drag them to make them bigger, something restaurants with large floor plans might want to consider.How could SpotOn improve?If we’re being picky, we don’t love the fact that SpotOn doesn’t have a wide range of POS hardware and accessories, especially when compared with competitors like Square or Clover.There’s also no app version of the software for use on iPad or Android tablets, making SpotOn a slightly less accessible choice for businesses that need a compact and mobile system. If you’re looking for a cheap iPad-based POS system, we recommend Square. Buying Guide: How to Choose a POS SystemIf you’ve read all the reviews, and still don’t quite know what POS system is best for your business, don’t sweat it.Here are some of the things you should consider before making a decision:Cost and pricing structureYou know your budget better than we do, and it goes without saying that you shouldn’t choose a POS system that you can’t afford. We recommend that you look closely at the pricing structure and assess what’s included for free and what comes at an added cost to get the best deal.For example, Square charges zero fees for using its POS software, but you’ll have to pay upfront for each card machine, till, or other piece of equipment you need. This can really add up if you have multiple stores.A provider like SpotOn, on the other hand, doesn’t charge for software or hardware but compensates for this with high transaction fees. If business is booming, this could be more expensive in the long run.Find out more about pricing structures in our POS System Costs Guide.POS functions and available hardwareAssess your business needs, and choose a provider that meets them closely. Some POS systems are designed with certain types of businesses in mind (e.g. pubs and restaurants versus retail stores), which makes locating the right fit easier.It’s also important to look at the features included in the POS software. Are you a pub or fast-food establishment that requires QR code ordering? Providers such as Clover and Lightspeed have this, while SpotOn doesn’t.You should also look at the physical equipment that’s available to buy or rent from each POS system provider. If your staff needs to take orders at tables, for example, a tablet-based POS system will be beneficial. If you accept cash as well as cards, look for a POS provider that has a till setup.Some POS systems are compatible with third-party hardware, but it’s always best to check if your existing equipment or the equipment you plan on buying can easily integrate with your chosen POS system.Ease of useAs a rule of thumb, the easier a POS system is to use, the better. This will speed up training and service times, and reduce room for error.This doesn’t mean you need to go with the absolute easiest system to use. If you and your employees are experienced with POS systems, you could compromise on ease of use in favour of advanced features.POS systems like Clover and Square are particularly easy to operate, while Lightspeed has a training mode for new employees.Customer supportGood customer support shouldn’t be overlooked when it comes to POS systems. In an ideal world, you’d never have to contact customer support but let’s face it, no system is ever perfect.We’d recommend choosing a POS system that has a customer support phone line, since calling is usually the fastest way to get an issue resolved. Live chat channels, help centres and community forums, if the POS system has them, can also be great for quick troubleshooting.Don’t forget to look at opening times. Most POS customer support teams operate during the week, but a few are also available on weekends and holidays, which could be really valuable if those are your busiest times. Ask the expertsWe asked Daniel Fragkos, an operations manager for a restaurant chain with over 10 years’ experience working in the front and back office, for insights on what makes a good POS system.What features are missing from your current POS system that you wish were present?“Our POS system doesn’t have graphs [for data report visualization]. It feels very numerical sometimes, and it could save me loads of time if I could look at a pie chart rather than focusing on individual numbers.“Newer POS systems usually have this feature included and have an easy interface. Our current POS system requires training for new users, whereas newer [more intuitive ones] don’t, since they’re quite straightforward.”What POS features improve user and customer experience the most?“From a user experience standpoint, digitalization helps things run smoother. For example, we are currently using printed paper tickets to send orders to the kitchen, which increases the chances of things going wrong. If we had digital tickets on a screen, we could easily update the ticket if the table moves seats, and the new information would appear on the kitchen screen and food runner screen.” How We Test POS SystemsThe Expert Market team tested and assessed 11 different POS systems to bring you this list. We spent around 160 hours researching POS platforms and over 20 hours testing them.During that time, we used our learnings to evaluate how each POS system fared in six categories that are important to businesses, broken down into up to 12 subcategories, in order to get an impartial ranking.Here’s what we looked at:POS software: The breadth of features included in the POS software and how valuable they are to the average business, including inventory management, menu/product creation, customer engagement tools and table management.Hardware/equipment: The variety of equipment available to purchase or rent, with special importance given to key items, such as physical terminals, customer displays and accessories.Ease-of-use: How easy each system is to use, based on feedback from several average users who were assigned basic tasks to complete on each system, such as menu/item creation, accessing reports or applying a discount.Help and support: How effective and reachable the customer support teams are, with bonus points given to POS systems with help centers and training modes.Costs: The price of the system, how it compares to competitors and whether it's good value for money.User experience: Whether everyday users know and like the system, whether they’d recommend it, and what they say about it in online reviews.The score of each of these areas was combined to create an overall score for each of the different types of POS systems. Next Steps To recap, the top three POS systems in Canada are Square, Toast and Clover.Square and Clover are very transparent about their fees, so you’ll know right away if they fit your budget. Toast is a little murkier, only advertising the cost of its software plans.This is pretty typical for POS providers but we’ve got a solution. Simply tell us what you need from your next POS system using our quick form and we’ll match your business with the best POS suppliers for your unique needs.They’ll be in touch with no-obligation, tailored quotes. It’s quick, easy and free to get started. FAQs Which POS system is the cheapest? The cheapest POS system is SpotOn, since it has a completely free software package that includes basic hardware as well. A close second is Square, which also has a free software plan but charges for hardware, with its handheld POS devices retailing between $399 and $449, and its card reader for $69. What is the best POS system for food trucks? For a small food truck, you’re better off with a simple solution like Square or SumUp. They come with basic hospitality-specific features and affordable card readers.See the full list in our best POS for food trucks guide. Written by: Tatiana Lebreton Senior Grow Online & Business Software Expert Tatiana is Expert Market's resident payments and online growth expert, specialising in (E)POS and merchant accounts, as well as website builders. Reviewed by: Oliver Simpson Senior Research Executive After three years in operational B2B data analysis, Oliver became a business insight specialist in 2022 and now focuses full-time on understanding small business preferences and needs. He blends his quantitative skills, forged by his experience working as a law enforcement researcher, with qualitative exploration, to ensure robust and nuanced results.